Mental Health And Its Effects On The United States

According to the director of national health, â€Å"the States have cut $5 billion in mental health services from 2009 to 2012. While also distinguishing at least 4,500 public psychiatric hospital beds.† Decreasing funds for mental health has resulted in an overcrowded population of homeless patients who either spend their time on the streets, in prisons, or in coffins. Overtime, mentally ill patients have nowhere to go, the jail systems are failing to provide proper treatment, and the government has already reduced mental health fundings as it is. It is time to take a stand, and say yes to increasing funds towards the mentally ill and health facilities. Mentally ill patients are overcrowding the streets because no shelter seems to welcome them. Their mental state simply worsens and they are forced to surrender to their living standards. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, in 2007 reported, â€Å"An estimate of 744,313 people were experiencing homelessnes s in January of 2005. Of that amount, 40 to 50 percent of that population were mentally ill and left untreated†. Ultimately, the mentally ill patients who are forced to live on the streets are unable to receive proper treatment due to lack of fundings. On top of that, homeless patients cannot afford proper diagnoses even if they were given the opportunity. The homeless are constantly moving locations in attempt to finding a warm, safe place to camp for the night. Many homeless turn to drugs or alcohol to keepShow MoreRelatedTransition From Rural And Urban Environments1541 Words   |  7 Pagescivilization came urbanization. The United Nations reports that In the middle of the 20th century, 30 percent of people resided in urban areas. Today, over half of the world’s population lives in urban environments, and this figure is expected to increase anywhere from ten to twenty percent in the next few decades (United Nations). Europe and the Americas are the most highly ur banized places, but countries in all parts of the world are urbanizing at increasing rates (United Nations). The rise of peopleRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Beneficial For Medical Purposes1080 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has proven to be beneficial for medical purposes. It has therapeutic effects that will ultimately allow patients with adverse health conditions to improve their quality of life. Legalizing marijuana can also improve the state of the United States’ economy through taxation and creation of job opportunities. Additionally, it can reduce the crime rate in the United States and save the United States tons of money. Contrarily, marijuana should not be legalized for recreational usage. ExtensiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness1658 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness is a controversial topic in recent news. From Sandy Hook to the Aurora movie theatre shooting, the effects of mental illness have sparked fierce debate and negative stig ma surrounding the issue. Mental illnesses, â€Å"patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional† (Myers 562), affect 1 in 4 people at some point in their lives (Stigma and Discrimination). However, only 59.6% of people with mental illness report receiving treatment, as theyRead MoreMental Health And Mental Disorders1050 Words   |  5 Pages Mental health and mental disorders are related in that which they both deal with the mind, they either have productive or detrimental effects on the individual. Mental health is basically when an individual is performing and being productive with in society. The individual has the ability to cope with specific issues and address those issues without cause. Mental disorders are any condition that is diagnosable through the DSM-5, and causes mood and behavioral changes. Mental disorders canRead MoreEssay On Mental Health Care1221 Words   |  5 PagesSoumerai, S. B., Mclaughlin, T. J., Ross-Degnan, D., Casteris, C. S., Bollini, P. (1994). Effects of Limiting Medicaid Drug-Reimbursement Benefits on the Use of Psychotropic Agents and Acute Mental Health Services by Patients with Schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine,331(10), 650-655. doi:10.1056/nejm199409083311006 This study provides information on two Medicaid claims the first one was at psychiatric hospital in New Hampshire where Medicaid had a three-prescription limit over the 11-monthRead MoreEffects Of Prison Overcrowding1345 Words   |  6 PagesMy paper will discuss the problems and a few of the effects that prison overcrowding causes towards the inmates and the guards. I will first address the issue of violence that prison overcrowding causes. My next point will be the health of the inmates discussing both their physical and mental while in overcrowded prisons. Lastly I will discuss the physical and mental health of the correctional officers and how the job could lead to correctional officers having issues in their private life. PrisonRead MoreLack Of Treatment For Mental Illness1523 Words   |  7 PagesProblem Statement: The World Health Association defines ‘good’ health as: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† However, in the United States, access to care and funding for mental health care are grossly neglected and underfunded in comparison to other aspects of health care. At the individual level, lack of proper treatment for poor mental health and mental illness has a detrimental effect. At a population level, societyRead MoreMental Health Parity And Addiction Equity Act1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) was enacted on October 3, 2008 as sections 511 and 512 of the Tax Extenders and Alternative Minimum Tax Relief Act of 2008. MHPAEA amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act), and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Federal Register, 2013). The MHPAEA is an extension of the Mental Health Parity Act of 1996, which prohibited annual or aggregateRead MoreInadequacy Of The United States Mental Health Care System1104 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States Mental Health Care System: Barriers to Care According to the World Health Organization, mental illness will affect approximately 25% of people at some point in their life (â€Å"WHO Qualityrights†, n.d.). Despite that, the current mental health care system in the United States is inadequate. Many aspects of the system need improving, especially the barriers to service. In fact, approximately 20% of individuals are left without necessary treatment for their mental health disorderRead MoreThe European Crisis Of Greece, Spain, And The United States1587 Words   |  7 PagesEurozone crisis negatively affects Greece, Spain, and the United States. First, the European Union crisis elicited a health crisis in Greece. Second, the European Union crisis caused unemployment and stress in Spain. Third, the EU crisis generates negative implications for the United States’ economy. Evidently, the fall of Europe’s economy caused severe impacts on surrounding countries. The European debt crisis created a damaging health crisis for Greek citizens. In response to the EU crisis and

Public Newspapers Like The Wilmington Daily Journal

Local newspapers like the Wilmington Daily Journal directly used the battles, comparable to the one in Richmond, as a way to raise patriotism in the community for recruitment purposes. At the bottom of the same column, â€Å"The Latest-The Position of Things,† a small section was tacked on, updating the public on the current status of the ongoing battle. â€Å"It will be seen by our telegraph, received at 11:30 o’clock this forenoon, that McClellan is mortally wounded† (â€Å"The Latest-The Position of Things†). This news was then used by the journal to spark patriotism into the community and hopefully bring more men to sign up to assist the Confederacy to help stop General McClellan at his weakest point. Local papers were not the only ones guilty of manipulating patriotism for recruitment and draft purposes. Years after the war, Harper’s Weekly would be credited for mass recruitings during the drafts with their romanticized drawings of soldiers and pro-draft articles (Kuhn). One example of this is an article shortly after the battle at Fort Sumter. In the article â€Å"Swearing in Volunteers at Washington,† Harper’s Weekly reported on how the attack sparked a large movement of men from all companies volunteered to protect Washington, D.C. in the face of war. The weekly illustrated a picture of men standing proud amongst each other under the U.S. flag. The paper indirectly promoted men to sign up for the war by praising the heroic volunteers who are trying to protect their country (â€Å"SWEARINGShow MoreRelatedOpen Carry2070 Words   |  9 PagesOpen Carry: Homeland Defense Aid or Hindrance Milliahn Valentino Wilmington University Armed and ready, the Miracle family of Sterling Heights, Michigan is fully prepared to take on any terrorist threat. Like a growing number of Americans, they believe such readiness, including a house with 25 firearms, is their civic duty. According to Lee Miracle, â€Å"We see preparedness as like having a fire extinguisher – you never want to use it, but it is there†. Lee Miracle also believes in his right toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLoyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This Sound Like a Satisfying Job? 90 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources ofRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesjobs and skills available for employees at all levels, not just managers and professionals. Increase the usage of new training methods, such as interactive videos, individualized computer training, and via the Internet. Become active partners with public school systems to aid in upgrading the knowledge and skills of high school graduates. GROWTH IN CONTINGENT WORKFORCE In the past, temporary workers were used for vacation relief, maternity leave, or workload peaks. Today â€Å"contingent workers† (temporaryRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

What Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the...

What Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement? The Romantic Movement, or period, was from the year 1828 to about 1865. The main feature of the American Romantic period was the celebration and praise of individualism. This time is also considered to be the first period of genuine American creativity. Emotion, instead of reason, became the largest source of inspiration and creativity during this period. All of this was a reaction to all of the constraints that were forced on people during the era of Realism. At this time in history, America was in a great period of expansion, the writers of the American Romantic period were discovering that could create a new and vastly different voice for this new era in†¦show more content†¦Whitman was able to change people’s views on life and was able to give people something that they wanted and were looking for in his creation of a new writing style. His writing about real life experiences connected him well with the common man, which is another aspect of the Romantic period. Whitman is also thought of as the â€Å"father of free verse.† He enjoyed using free verse because it could further distinguish him from other writers of the past, and of his time. Emily Dickinson, who lived from 1830 to 1886, also had a large impact in the American Romantic period. However, she would never know of the impact she had due to the fact that her writings were not published until after her death. The subject of her poetry ranged from religion to nature, which both are large influences to this time. One poem that fits in very well with this era is â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† The poem begins by saying, â€Å"Because I could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me; the carriage held but just ourselves and immortality.† This poem deals with human immortality and what occurs after we die. The desire for knowledge and wanting to understand what we currently do not are influences in American Romanticism. Dickinson seemed to be consumed with death and what happens to humans after death, she even wrote to a priest to ask what the state of mind was of a friend she had while he was on his deathbed. Her fascination with death played a major role in many of herShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe / Emily Dickinson3782 Words   |  16 PagesQuasheioh Dukes Professor Tony American Literature 4 March 2013 Romanticism is the only literary movement exhibits a wide variety of art, literature and intellect in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This movement has been a topic of ample disagreements over its defining ideologies and aesthetics. It can best be described as a large network of sometimes competing philosophies, agendas, and points of interest. In England, Romanticism had its greatest influence from the end of the eighteenthRead MoreEarly American Literature Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesfifty years of development throughout American before it produced the first great generation of American writers such as, Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Henry David Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe and Emily Dickinson, just to name a few. There was a sense of enlightenment that spread over America in the 18th century. Many of the stories reflected the sense of freedom that came with the revolution. Consider Washington Irving, he was among the first AmericanRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking and beginning to bloom in America, the time period known as The Romantic Age. Romantic thinking stressed on human imagination and emotion rather than on basic facts and reason. Ralph Waldo Emerson not only provided plenty of that, but he also nourished it and inspired many other writers of that time. quot;His influence can be found in the works of Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, and Robert Frost.quot;. No doubt, Ralph Waldo Emerson wasRead MoreA Brief Introduction to American Literature3396 Words   |  14 Pagesgradually gains its unique style, theme and form, and I ¡Ã‚ ¯m always excited to see their works are more and more America in its true sense. American literature is part of world ¡Ã‚ ¯s literature, however, it always has its unique flavor that cannot be easily ignored. Most critics hold that the history of American literature can be divided into six parts, orderly, colonial period, romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism and post-modernism. Although American literature in its true sense did not begin untilRead MoreStylistic Analysis10009 Words   |  41 PagesLingvo-stylistic potential of D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Don’ts†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12-14 1.3. The main stylistic-semantic features of H.W. Longfellow’s poem â€Å"The Song of Hiawatha† (Introduction)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14-18 Chapter 2. Romantic and lyrical figure of Robert Burns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2.1. General stylistic features of R. Burns’s poem â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18-21 2.2. The style in â€Å"My Heart’s in the Highlands†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21-23

Gender, A, And Social Orientation - 1516 Words

be seen as â€Å"natural,† a default identity; it goes unnoticed, hidden, and taken for granted as â€Å"normal† (Dottolo Stewart, 2013). Being White in America has no set definition other than an individual with a linage to the United kingdom, Europe, Germany, or Scandinavian. Being White in America is a skin pigment, rather than a community or collaboration of traditions as displayed in minorities. Because there is no regulated definition or standard as to what Whiteness is or should be, Through personal and informal questioning of my fellow students on campus, a notable and interesting trend emerged: only one of the Caucasian people that was questioned could answer what it meant to be White in America. She defined it less about race and more about what White people stereotypically do. These include things such as being in the upper middle class with a steady retirement fund in a two parent household. This idea of a typical White family or life does hold some merit. The 2010 United States census has found that the average White person will live in a community that is seventy-seven percent white. Among White Americans, ninety-one percent of the people that they communicate with through their social media networks are also White. Three-quarters of White Americans report only have contact on social media with people exclusively of their own race (2015, August 28). This practice of predominantly associating with people of one’s own skin tone is known as racial homogeneity. CaucasiansShow MoreRelated Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and The Social Pressures of Adolescents1983 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough we live in modern times, stigmas regarding gender identity cease to exist. These biases are prevalent within various cultures. Male and female adolescents are stifled from expressing themselves based on how they personally relate to their own femininity or masculinity and sex roles. The cause of this constriction of emotions is due in large part to these young people being coerced into obeying the rules of society. In addition, societal constructions seem to totally disregard theRead MoreSocial Class From The Perspectives Of People Of Color, Women, And Gender Orientation977 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Class in America America is divided into groups based on many different characteristics. Some of those characteristics may include race and ethnicity, cultures, religions, age, sexual orientations and genders. No matter which group someone defines with based on those characteristics, an individual will be labeled one step further to fit into a social class. In America, the most basic structure of social classes is broken down into upper, middle, and lower class. However, the perspectives ofRead MoreSocial Causes and Consequences of Inequalities Based on Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation2854 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Social Causes And Consequences Of Inequalities Based On Race, Class, Gender, And Sexual Orientation In spite of all the efforts made within United States to eradicate racial disparities, the media still broadcast discriminatory images and thoughts. Ethnic minorities are constantly being depicted as the culprits and the prime suspects in any crime. Muslim are always associated with fascism, Blacks are always associated with thugs, Mexicans are always depicted as illegal immigrants or drug cartelsRead MoreThe Topic Of Sexuality1144 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of sexuality (para)- Horrocks (1997) points out in his book that sexuality encircles multiple aspects of human existence. Sexuality is then, not a uniform or simple phenomenon and is influenced by the interaction of psychological, biological, social, cultural factors and many more. Horrocks (1997), suggests that to try and understand or explain a definitive conclusion about sexuality seems impossible as sexuality has different meanings to so many groups of people. Introduce the perspectivesRead MoreGay, Straight, And The Reason About Sexual Orientation1236 Words   |  5 Pageshuman sexual orientation. More same-sex couples have fostered children than ever before in our nation s history. Institutions such as military and professional sports have (slowly but surely) began to accept openly gay members. Most importantly, a recent amendment to the Marriage Act of 1961 now defines marriage as a union of two people; an amendment which removed the prohibition of same-sex marriages. These landmarks in the progression of social awareness surrounding sexual orientation are derivativeRead MoreSexual Orientation Within America s Most Controversial Topics1058 Words   |  5 Pages Sexual orientation can be considered as one of America’s most controversial topics. Although the rationale and choice differs from person to person, and is considered to be a private matter of personal preference, many people have experienced negative backlash and harsh criticism due to their individual likings. In general, sexual orientation is defined as: a person s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.Read MoreThe Issue Of Sexual Orientation1090 Words   |  5 Pagessexual orientation is vast, and a lot of different definitions of the concept have been introduced throughout time. Nevertheless, although homosexuality is fairly common in the United States, many people still misunderstand it. The different types of sexual orientations and their difference from other sexual-related terms, such as gender role and gender identity, are all confused by the general population. Sadly, even toda y, there are people that believe in a right or wrong sexual orientation. MoreoverRead MoreGay Marriage And Its Slow Progression Of Acceptance1441 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent theme in society as more time passes. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation refers to the sex or sexual interest to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted to. Heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are the three mostly familiar categories of sexual orientation for a typical person, and these sexualities make up for 98.9% of the sexual orientation among American adults (Ward 1, et al). But what about the other 1.1% of sexualities? While these threeRead MoreGender And Sexual Orientation Of Diversity1582 Words   |  7 Pagestourism and hospitality industry. At present the gender and sexual orientation not only are held hostage-cutting in various parts of the world changes in the process, but also by the transformation of society throughout the thousand-state changes. They put gender as a key variable, focusing inspected it with other social differences cross interaction. In their view, all grades are interrelated, gender, race, ethnicity, national, class, sexual orientation, age, geographical, and many of the differencesRead MoreGender Identity and Social Construction868 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity and Social Construction Gender identity is a highly controversial subject. The notion that ones gender is a significant determination of personality traits, behavioral characteristics, social tendencies, romantic engagements and self-perception is a critical one. However, it is also subject to debate because of the imperatives created by the social construct of gender. This often clashes with what are, in reality, more nuanced and individualized connections to gender. This is particularly

The Man of Justice To Kill a Mockingbird Free Essays

He never yelled at the two, or abused them by physical punishment. Tactics also never bragged about how he could do many things, like shoot a gun, which may have taught the children a lot. Tactics woke up one day to see his neighbors house on fire. We will write a custom essay sample on The Man of Justice: To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic only for you Order Now He tells Jam and Scout to wait by the Raddled house, because Miss Media’s home is in a dangerous state. While the children watched the house burn from the Raddled’, they spotted their brave dad run into the house to grab something. L saw Tactics carrying Miss Media’s heavy oak rocking chair, and thought it was sensible of him to save what she most valued† (Lee 93). Tactics had the courage to run into a burning house to save a neighbor’s favorite rocking hair in the freezing cold! The Old Sacrum Bunch came to the prison where Tom Robinson was held; (with rifles and weapons), and Tactics wouldn’t accept their orders. The children were watching their father sitting in front of the jail with a light and a book, when many cars then came by. Tactics began speaking to the group and they asked â€Å"ahoy know what we want’ another man said. ‘Get aside the door Mr.. Finch'† (Lee 202). Tactics courageously replied by stating mayo can turn around and go home, Walter (Lee 202). This is only one of the things Tactics has done for Tom Robinsons safety and comfort. Tactics was put in a situation where he had to shoot a dog to save his neighbors. This started when Jam and Scout were trying to find some wildlife to shoot at when, they spot Tim Johnson (a dog). He was acting weird, so the children ran to their nanny, California, and told her about the situation. She later called Tactics and told him to come because of this animal. Sheriff Heck Tate and Tactics came out Of the car with a rifle. Tactics is handed the gun and shoots Jim Johnson. Tactics later states to the child â€Å"don’t you go near that dog you understand? Don’t go near him, he’s just as dangerous dead as alive†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Lee 128). Tactics is a brave hero that has done many things to improve others’ joy, like when he let Mr.. How to cite The Man of Justice: To Kill a Mockingbird, Papers

Communication Clinical In Health And Safety â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Clinical Communication In Health And Safety? Answer: Introducation Good clinical communication is the most important aspect in any nursing practice. Through communication nurses shares the health related information with the patient. The information can be verbal or non verbal, written, spoken. The power of effective nursing is measured by the good communication skills with their patients. Good communication will include putting their patients and ease. They must be skilled to know the technique to communicate well enough to make their patients understand with the clinical conditions. Importance of clinical communication in health and safety Research says that there should be positive relationship between the nurses and the patients to increase the health quality. With good clinical communication skills the patients will follow the correct medical recommendation, understand their medical problem and the spectrum of treatment they need to follow. Research data supports the wealth of the effective communicative techniques and the health outcomes for the patients. The good connection of the patient with the nurses improves the health outcomes for the patients. The right interpretation of the nurses about the prescription of the physicians will help the patients receive right amount of treatment in time (Doyle, Lennox and Bell 2013). Most diagnosis decisions and the treatment adherence depend on the clinical communication. When interruptions occur, the patient can perceive wrong treatment. Thus the importance of the clinical communication is mainly based on the health and safety of the patients. The extent of the patients be havior to any health care service will thus depend on the clinical communication that will help them to achieve the right treatment. Effective communication at hospitals and health systems will help in the development of the safety in health (Schickedanz,et al 2013). The failure in the safety in health care is noticed mainly with the problems in miscommunication. The reasons of miscommunication include the poor patient experience. In order to increase the communication, the hospitals must make clear of the prioritization of the patient. Specially, certain high risk issues must require the most clear and concise communication. The communication could be nonverbal and the nurses must concentrate in the area of giving clear information that will safeguard their health issues (Abraham et al 2014). The communication should be in that standard that it can maintain the safety of the patients. The will include active listening, seeking and providing the right information followed by respect of the patients questions and delivering compassionate the high risks (Okuyama,,Wagner and Bijnen 2014). Failures in communication are the most common cause of harm in patients. Standardized communication tools are creating an environment in which the patient can feely express their own point of views. The effective clinical communication should be dependent on the situation and personality. The adoption of critical language in com municating is the most important ways that should be adopted while explaining the conditions. Critical language creates the best communicative models. Situational awareness while communicating is another important way in right communication (Randmaa et al 2014). Medical care is indeed very complex. The complexity must be coupled with good communication that will make the medical interventions simpler. The methods to deliver the best communication to maintain the health safety Standardized tools and behaviours must be adapted while delivering the right communication to the patients. The situation briefing model, appropriate assertion and critical language must be used in order to increase the safety of the patients. These tools and techniques will overcome the bridges of differences in communication style between the nurses and others (Foronda,et al 2015). The clinicians should the right way of speaking and create the dynamic space for the patients are the key techniques in providing the health care safety. Frequently, the lack of understanding or correctly answering all the queries of the patients while communicating will produce a negative impact in the health. Nurses should be persistent and patient enough to listen to all the problems that they speak (Redley et al 2016). They must focus on the issue and forget who is right and who is wrong. Communication with physician is also an important practice of the nurse in clinical communication. Often clarification will comprise of providing an objective argument to convince the physician to check the patient. Thus communication with patients and physicians are going to judge the safety in health care. Written communication can also be the good way to deliver correct information. To make sure that the person receives the right treatment, correct communication is mainly required. The burden of harm can lot be reduced by delivering the right way of communicative interaction (Brock et al 2013). Communication is thus the central provision in high quality care for all the patients. The health care organisation must take strategic implementation plans in order to increase the quality of communication among the nurses and the patients. Many multisite studies have proposed ways in developing the communication and enhance the safety of the patience. The interventions must be taken in order to increase the process and systems of the clinician communication in a wide context and in wide range. The health care units must involve the team of experts that will evaluate the situation of the current communication of the nurses and implement ways to improve it (Dougherty and Lister 2015). Thus it will reduce the risk of the serious patient and will maintain their safety events. The clinical communication should be very well practised and required mainly in the paediatric units. The p rimary domains in safety will include those of the effective elements like team oriented education, evaluation of training of the nurses and suggested guideline oriented solutions. There are hierarchy in the safety interventions that will include the formation of data after the evaluation of the procedure of communication. The additions will include staff organization, risk assessment and the learning from the errors nad personal initiatives. The hospitals and organisation must identify the problems in communication and use methods accordingly to improve the communication (de Jong, Ros, and Schrijvers 2014). They can use automated and computer technologies in most frequent levels to increase the effectiveness of the patients. The most recommended way of communication will include the strategies that will be individual oriented. It has been found that the gaps in the knowledge and experience in the nurses could be the source for miscommunication. Communication with context of inexperience and lack of right knowledge of the present condition of the person might breach the health safety. Thus the clinicians must themselves be involves in understanding the contextual situation and redesign health care safety along with the interventions taken in communication improvements. Summary table Author Aims Sample and setting Design and methods Main findings Strengths and limitation of studies Doyle et al 2013 To explore the evidence of the links between the patient experience and clinical safety with effectiveness The samples were collected from the primary and secondary care units in hospitals This is a systematic review The study summarises on the 55 studies indicates the positive association with the patient experience, patient safety and clinical safety in wide range of clinical effectiveness The strengths of the review is that it will demonstrate the positive association between the nurses and the patients in the health care units and recommended practices and health promoting behaviour. Weakness is that its lacks the strategies to develop the effective communication between the patients and nurses Shrader et al 2013 The main aim of the paper includes the teamwork and good communication that are essential for high quality care They examined the clinical perspectives and have evaluated the communication skills in the Chicago area hospital in the paediatric units. They had conducted a survey group on 90 minute program. This is qualitative study design that will give the strategies that can be used to develop the communication in health care unit The key themes of mediation and improvements in communications were found that included the coordination, care, communication in transitions Improving the communication skills will decrease the health related issues and will direct the improvements of the health care safety quality. But could not give the quantified analysis of the research Schickendanz et al 2013 Acesss, interest and attitudes towards electronic communication in health care among patients to enhance the safety medical safety They made the observational study on the 18 years and above adult patients in the six resource limited community clinics of San Francisco This is quantitative system made with the use of the observational data and cross sectional study 60% of the patients used mail, 71% showed interest in electronic communication with the health care providers. This has shown that the significant people are using emails and internet connections to prevent any misinterpretation in communication. This paper lacks the improvements ways to quality. References Abraham, J., Kannampallil, T.G., Almoosa, K.F., Patel, B. and Patel, V.L., 2014. Comparative evaluation of the content and structure of communication using two handoff tools: implications for patient safety.Journal of critical care,29(2), pp.311-e1. Brock, D., Abu-Rish, E., Chiu, C.R., Hammer, D., Wilson, S., Vorvick, L., Blondon, K., Schaad, D., Liner, D. and Zierler, B., 2013. Interprofessional education in team communication: working together to improve patient safety.BMJ Qual Saf,22(5), pp.414-423. de Jong, C.C., Ros, W.J. and Schrijvers, G., 2014. The effects on health behavior and health outcomes of Internet-based asynchronous communication between health providers and patients with a chronic condition: a systematic review.Journal of medical Internet research,16(1). Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. eds., 2015.The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing procedures. John Wiley Sons. Doyle, C., Lennox, L. and Bell, D., 2013. A systematic review of evidence on the links between patient experience and clinical safety and effectiveness.BMJ open,3(1), p.e001570. Foronda, C., Gattamorta, K., Snowden, K. and Bauman, E.B., 2014. Use of virtual clinical simulation to improve communication skills of baccalaureate nursing students: A pilot study.Nurse Education Today,34(6), pp.e53-e57. Okuyama, A., Wagner, C. and Bijnen, B., 2014. Speaking up for patient safety by hospital-based health care professionals: a literature review.BMC health services research,14(1), p.61. Randmaa, M., Mrtensson, G., Swenne, C.L. and Engstrm, M., 2014. SBAR improves communication and safety climate and decreases incident reports due to communication errors in an anaesthetic clinic: a prospective intervention study.BMJ open,4(1), p.e004268.v Redley, B., Bucknall, T.K., Evans, S. and Botti, M., 2016. Inter-professional clinical handover in post-anaesthetic care units: tools to improve quality and safety.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,28(5), pp.573-579. Schickedanz, A., Huang, D., Lopez, A., Cheung, E., Lyles, C.R., Bodenheimer, T. and Sarkar, U., 2013. Access, interest, and attitudes toward electronic communication for health care among patients in the medical safety net.Journal of general internal medicine,28(7), pp.914-920.

Analysis of Singapore Airlines Ltd - Click to Get Solution

Question: Write an essay on "Singapore Airlines Ltd". Answer: Introduction This assignment mostly represented on critiquing the structure for the financial performance of the Singapore Airlines Ltd, analytical and translation issues. This company offers tailor-made and integrating solutions which provide the business classes or the service classes. This paper shows the financial performance, human resource management and the strategic administration of the Singapore Airlines Ltd. Singapore Airlines that began as the Malayan Airlines in a joint ventured between the governments of the Singapore and the Malaysia (Aydin and Morefield, 2010). Moreover, these two governments are ready to agree to establish two several airlines. The Singapore Airlines Ltd fleet continued to arise remarkable and the excellent ways. Singapore Airlines were the fastest airline globally managing an international commercial flight over the Pacific Ocean. The organization was involving world famous chefs, to improve the flight meals and the culinary panels that are international. Over, a last 20 years Singapore Airlines Limited need to earn a great reputation since a ground-breaking the leader of the market and also provides excellent services to the customers (Baxter, 2010). The primary attention and the care which Singapore Airlines provides to the clients and also mentioned by the Singapore have provided the airline to claim various types of reward. Main Body Strengths and weakness of the Singapore Airlines Ltd Strength The useful strategy mostly used by Singapore Airlines Ltd for the branding was very helpful. The key word is the trust of the passengers. The strategy already proved the quality and the service of the Singapore Airlines Limited the impression which comes to the passengers mind. The branding has been well known already in the mind that provides a good impression of Singapore Airlines Ltd (Chell, 2015). Experience is one of the strengths of Singapore Airlines Ltd because it was known as widely in the services. They also have good management experience and the managers over the service crews (AB311 strategic management, 2011). According to the intense experience that they need to come up with newly concepts to satisfy the customers and give passengers the best services to them. Singapore Airlines Ltd has already received the various types of reward for the customer service. The reputation and image of Singapore Airlines Ltd have represented huge consequences on public around globally an d not in Singapore. The services in front of the customers encouraged them to fly with Singapore Airlines Ltd again. Singapore Airlines Ltd was very fast to fly and also to take in the new fleets that make the customers having flying urge on the new flights. Weakness The costs of Singapore Airlines Ltd tickets are too expensive. But the not more than cloud afford the high rate or the costs since they are to travel with a family. Most of the customers need to pay for a low price and never fly with Singapore Airlines Limited in spite of the low level of the service as because to save the cost. Moreover, the customers are unless traveling alone or also traveling to longer routes (Corrigendum, 2015). That they are needed to pay sufficient amount of money for better services and comfort. However, there present a new procedure; Singapore Airlines Ltd has to spend the highest amount of money to train their staffs or the employee and also to purchase the machines. This will need to restrict them to give out the promotions at a cheap rate (Dodds and Hunt, 2012). Conversely, they need to able to attract the customers and also the regular passengers to continue to fly. Financial Performance of Singapore Airlines Limited Profitability 2006-03 2007-03 2008-03 2009-03 2010-03 2011-03 2012-03 2013-03 2014-03 2015-03 Net Margin % 9.3 14.69 12.83 6.64 1.7 7.52 2.26 2.51 2.36 2.36 Return on Assets % 5.49 8.63 7.81 4.14 0.91 4.64 1.44 1.7 1.6 1.58 Financial Leverage (Average) 1.73 1.72 1.75 1.78 1.67 1.73 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.92 Return on Equity % 9.58 14.9 13.56 7.31 1.58 7.89 2.48 2.91 2.73 2.86 Return on Invested Capital % 9.58 14.9 12.26 6.44 1.53 7.41 2.45 2.57 2.32 2.63 Interest Coverage 14.36 5.14 21.24 7.03 12.29 9.93 The net margin of the company has decreased over the period, return on equity and investment has decreased. Liquidity/Financial Health 2006-03 2007-03 2008-03 2009-03 2010-03 2011-03 2012-03 2013-03 2014-03 2015-03 Current Ratio 1.23 1.57 1.4 1.16 1.45 1.57 1.37 1.35 1.36 1.1 Quick Ratio 0.99 1.34 1.28 1.01 1.33 1.48 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.04 Financial Leverage 1.73 1.72 1.75 1.78 1.67 1.73 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.92 Debt/Equity 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.07 The current ratio is above which means that the obligations can be paid by the company. The debt equity and financial leverage is also low. Key Ratios - Efficiency Ratios Efficiency 2006-03 2007-03 2008-03 2009-03 2010-03 2011-03 2012-03 2013-03 2014-03 2015-03 Days Sales Outstanding 41.27 45.47 45.69 40.27 40.69 34.55 33.86 35.46 37.03 35.19 Days Inventory 23.98 19.5 22.79 18.54 13.36 10.88 9.61 8.64 Payables Period 148 134.05 148.61 121.4 110.39 113.93 114.61 114.25 Cash Conversion Cycle -78.34 -74.28 -85.13 -68.31 -63.16 -67.6 -67.97 -70.41 Receivables Turnover 8.84 8.03 7.99 9.06 8.97 10.56 10.78 10.29 9.86 10.37 Inventory Turnover 15.22 18.72 16.02 19.69 27.32 33.56 38 42.25 Fixed Assets Turnover 0.87 0.91 0.97 0.99 0.82 1 1.09 1.14 1.17 1.17 Asset Turnover 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.54 0.62 0.64 0.68 0.68 0.67 The asset turnover and fixed asset turnover has increased which means that the company is utilizing its assets efficiently. The cash conversion is zero which means that the company is not efficient in converting its assets into cash. HRM of Singapore Airlines Limited Human resource management (HRM) is a management process by which an organization can acquire developing people, attracting people and appointing a right person in the company who can provide the company a quality workforce (Wernersson, 2015). The Human Resource Management process of Singapore Airlines Limited consists of various steps such as recruitment, selection, training and remuneration. These management processes of the Human Resource Department are very important for Singapore Airlines Limited. It reduces the rate of turnover and absenteeism. It also motivates the people in better ways. By the help of the Human Resource Management process, the Singapore Airlines Limited can develop and improve their performance and increase their productivity (Escobari, 2012). Singapore Airlines Limited is a significant example of good Human Resource Management (HRM). By the help of good Human Resource Management, the Singapore Airlines Limited Company has the aim to deliver steady and reliabl e service excellence, by marking out the HR practices which help the company to fulfill their goal. Recruiting is the first step of Human Resource Management (HRM) which is necessary to perform. Recruiting is human resource management process which is utilized for developing a large pool of qualified applicants those who are applied for jobs. For building up the pool of qualified applicants the Human Resource Management (HRM) department has to do and go through the following process such as job description, job analysis, and job specifications (Eskola, 2008). The HRM of Singapore Airlines Limited must have a clear idea about the people who are appropriate for that particular position of that vacant job. At the time of recruiting cabin crew in Singapore Airlines Limited, they have a requirement of age that should be minimum 18 years old, and they must be a citizen of Singapore (Sujatna, 2013). The female should have at least a height of 1.58m, and the male should have at least a heig ht of 1.65m. At the time of making job description of any job then they required mentioning the basic tasks, responsibilities and duties which are necessary for that particular employee. After the pool has been building up, the Human Resource Management starts to select a candidate from that particular (Fraud Risk Management, 2015). After recruitment, the selection process has been done. Selection is a process which is utilized for finding the appropriate or suitable candidate who can perform the particular job in better ways. When the selected candidates fulfill all the requirements, then the Singapore Airlines Limited will call them for an interview (Rumelt, 2011). The candidates who can crack the interview should pass on to the next stage that training. Strategic Management Singapore Airlines is provided as a premium carrier with the high class of excellent and innovations of service and it also made a strategic choice to give profitability to priority over the size (Mot de remerciements, 2013). This paper represents a continuous individual expansion and rigorous the service design which is the main asset of this issue is sustaining the positioning and the strategic management. Management Practices Singapore Airlines is the setter of a trend in the airline industry. The Singapore Airlines Limited incorporates various innovative strategies from the beginning (Pearson and Merkert, 2014). By the help of these strategies, the Singapore Airlines strengthen their company and support them for achieving success. For holding a successful position in the airline industry they should incorporate superior quality, efficiency, customer responsiveness and innovation of new strategies (Perry, 2008). Conclusion Singapore Airlines Ltd focused on the financial performance, human resource management and the strategic management of this company and the company became successful (Plant Disease Management Reports, 2011). At the corporate standard, Singapore Airlines Ltd maintains a strategy of related to the diversification. References AB311 strategic management. (2011). Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia. Aydin, R. and Morefield, R. (2010). Hub-And-Spoke Airlines Versus Low-Cost Airlines And Price Discrimination.Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 8(5). Baxter, J. (2010).Airlines. Teddington, Richmond Upon Thames [England]: Key Note Ltd. Chell, E. (2015). Book review.Management Learning. Corrigendum. (2015).Journal of Management. Dodds, W. and Hunt, K. (2012). Legend Airlines: American Airlines Worst Nightmare?.Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS), 8(2), p.135. Escobari, D. (2012). Asymmetric Price Adjustments in Airlines.Managerial and Decision Economics, 34(2), pp.74-85. Eskola, S. (2008).Crisis management in crisis?. Helsinki: National Defence University. Fraud Risk Management. (2015).Journal of Business Management Economics. Mot de remerciements. (2013).Management international, 17, p.iv. Pearson, J. and Merkert, R. (2014). Airlines-within-airlines: A business model moving East.Journal of Air Transport Management, 38, pp.21-26. Perry, T. (2008). Spectral lines: Airlines: got fuel?.IEEE Spectr., 45(8), pp.9-9. Plant Disease Management Reports. (2011).Plant Disease Management Reports. Rumelt, R. (2011).Good strategy, bad strategy. New York: Crown Business. Sujatna, E. (2013). Mood System and Transitivity of the Airlines Slogan A Comparison of National and Regional Airlines.International Journal of English Linguistics, 3(3). Wernersson, L. (2015). Narrow gap nanowires: From nanotechnology to RF-circuits on Si.J. Appl. Phys., 117(11), p.112810. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2011).Advances in management accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (2007).Financial accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Fess, P. (2005).Financial managerial accounting. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constitution in the Uk free essay sample

The UK has an unwritten constitution unlike the U. S. A. Instead Britains laws, policies and codes are developed through statutes, common law, convention and more recently E. U law. It is misleading to call the British constitution unwritten; a more precise form of classification would be un-codified. This means that the British constitution has no single document, which states principles and rules of a state. However, The British constitution clearly sets out how political power is allocated and where it is legally located. The British constitution is still visible and it defines composition and powers of the main offices and institutions of the state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constitution in the Uk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fundamentally it regulates the relationships between the state and the citizen. Bill Coxhall, 1998). Britain can be distinguished between those countries which incorporate their major constitutional rules into a single document. Britain is one of few countries which do not have a codified constitution. Unwritten constitution is the one where various elements maybe written down but there is no one single document which outlines the constitution of the state. Britain is one of the few countries that has an unwritten constitution. The UK has an unwritten constitution unlike the U. S. A. Instead Britains laws, policies and codes are developed through statutes, common law, convention and more recently E. U law. It is misleading to call the British constitution unwritten; a more precise form of classification would be un-codified. This means that the British constitution has no single document, which states principles and rules of a state. However, The British constitution clearly sets out how political power is allocated and where it is legally located. The British constitution is still visible and it defines composition and powers of the main offices and institutions of the state. ADVANTAGES: An unwritten constitution based on conventions has the advantage of being extremely adaptable or flexible. Since it is unwritten, it can be changed easily to deal with new situations. All that is necessary for the practises to be changed is for Parliament to agree that change is necessary. Old constitutional practises do not become millstones that make it difficult to deal with changed circumstances. There is an entrenchment, but one that given democratic consensus may be more easily modified than as a written constitution. So long as democratic processes are in place and Parliament and the Judiciary act as elected guardians, then in many ways the British Constitution appears more fitted to reflect a changing world and changing circumstances. Unwritten Constitution changes to reflect the times in which we live. Â  It carries risks. If a constitution is to place limits on government or to set out the parameters within which governments must operate, then the fact that it can be adapted by government whim can be problematic. Written constitutions can become set in stone. What was appropriate in the past may become anachronistic, outmoded and inappropriate today; but the mere fact of being written into a formal constitution may hinder or prevent a timely or rational change.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays (566 words) - To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill A Mockingbird The Maturity Of Scout And Jem In To Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee It is a sin to kill a mockingbird because they do nothing but make music for us to enjoy. This was quoted from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, a creative novelist. To Kill a Mockingbird is about a young girl named Jean-Louise Finch, her brother Jeremy Finch and many other characters. Jean- Louise is nick-named Scout and Jeremy is nick-named Jem. Their father Atticus ,who was a lawyer, had been given a case to handle and did not have any choice but to receive it and work his best for his client. The case was about an African man, named Tom Robinson, who was accused of raping a white woman. Throughout the story the reader sees how Scout and Jem are afraid of Boo because they think he is a monster and try to tease him. They try to play tricks on Boo. Later in the novel they are no longer afraid of him and are no longer interested in teasing him. Another example of their maturity is how they view people. When Scout and Jem see how Tom Robinson is treated just because he is black, they begin to understand the meaning of prejudice. No one comes to help Tom Robinson except their father who defends him when Tom is accused of raping a white woman. Scout watches the trial and believes that he will be found innocent. Instead, Tom Robinson is found guilty. Her disappointment in the verdict makes Scout question the idea of justice. Who in this town did one thing to help Tom Robinson, just who? (215) Scout and Jem had believe that their father was not like any other fathers in school. They see him as an old man who can't do anything. However, when a mad dog appears on the street, Atticus, their farther, kills that dog with one shot. They are surprised to learn that he is the best shot in the town. They're attitude towards their father has changed. This is a sign of maturity. The rifle cracked. Tim Johnson leaped, flopped over and crumpled on the sidewalk in a brown-and-white heap. He didn't know what hit him. (96) Jem became vaguely articulate, 'you see him, Scout? You see him just stand there? All of a sudden he just relaxed all over. it looked like that gun was a part of him...and he did it so quick, like... I hafta to aim for ten minutes fore I can hit something,...'(97) Another incident which shows Scout's maturing is when she overhears her teacher saying that it is a good thing Tom Robinson was convicted because the black were getting too high and mighty. This disturbs scout very much because the teacher is always telling them about democracy and the persecution of Jews yet it is OK to persecute the blacks. Scout wonder how her teacher could be so contradictory. The last incident which brings Scout to adulthood is when she and Jem are brought safely home from their attacker by boo. She finally has the courage to stand on the Radley porch, and the kids are no longer afraid of Boo Radley. They now understand him. Scout and Jem mature during the duration of the novel by watching the events happen around them. They learn to examine the institutions around them more closely and to accept people as they are. Bibliography Me, Myself, and I Legal Issues

Induction Program Essays

Induction Program Essays Induction Program Essay Induction Program Essay Although orientation programs are design to reduce stress associated with starting the new job, quite often new employees are presented with huge amount of information and procedures, compressed into short brief which only increases the level of anxiety their experience. It is up to management to find the right balance. In Australia where unemployment Is at Its lowest mark since 1974 and stands at Just 4 per cent, staff shortages in hospitality Industry are significant (Austin, 2008). Keeping the new employees at the Job by developing well-designed orientation program Is than vital. The purpose of this paper is to develop an induction plan for the first month of work for a restaurant hostess. To do so a short description of a restaurant and few assumptions are needed. Restaurant is located in historic Rocks area in Sydney. It is a busy restaurant with capacity of 800 guests. Big terrace has about 350 seats and caters for a la carte customers, inside of the restaurant holds up to 450 guests and is mainly used for weddings and various functions. Open for business 7 days and nights. First two days of the orientation program would be away from normal, everyday duties and delved Into three and five hour blocks. DAY 1 (3 hours) On the flirts day new employee will get familiar with the organization and the property as a whole. Main occupational health and safety issues will be also discussed. General Manager is going to conduct the general property orientation and cover topics such as: Restaurants mission statement Management philosophy Personal forms polices and procedures Role of employees In meeting company goals Relations between guest and employee People AT teen company History An employee should benefit from this part of induction by having better understanding of companys expectations of them. Employee feels how important and valuable he/she is for an organization. Motivation and commitment is also established at this stage. General safety and emergency procedures should be than introduced (appendix 3). For example: Always clean up spills and breakages immediately. It is usually someone else that gets hurt. Dispose of broken glass or breakages in proper receptacles. Inform managers of any accidents immediately. Know where the fire extinguishes and exits are. Report any hazards to your OCHS committee member and/or manager. If an injury occurs at work o must complete an accident form. It is employer responsibility to ensure that employees have appropriate OCHS skills and is regulated by the NEWS OCHS act. Induction program provides organization with the opportunity to train new staff in accordance with their OCHS policy and programs (Work Cover NEWS, 2003). It is advisable that this information is presented in written and verbal form, and supported by a tour of the property. Orientation kits are given to the Hostess to support discussed matters, such as policies and procedures (appendix 3) and information about hostess training (appendix 1). Orientation kits enable employees to reflect on the information and think of questions they may want to ask. DAY 2 (5 hours) Second day of orientation program will focus on topics directly related to Job performance. Responsibilities presented in Job description will be analyses. As for the Restaurant Hostess main duties would be to greet and seat guests, offer menus, let them know who their waiter is and farewell them. Busiest time for the hostesses is between 12. 30-1. Pm for lunch and 7. 30-9. Pm for dinner, after that time pressure is shifted to the floor staff. New hostess should get familiar with number of tasks which may assist with overall service of the guests (appendix 1): Re setting tables Running food Running drinks Clearing tables Taking orders Polishing cutlery Folding napkins Washing glasses t Is a general practice Tort nosecones to perform canceling or receptionist Gutless rater they get to know reservation system of the restaurant. By allowing the hostess working one shift per week as for example receptionist, apart from sense of variation it also gives them physical and mental break from usual duties. Being on their feet for up to 8 hours and smiling on the same time could be tiring. Therefore general cross-training should be provided and run by receptionist/cashier. Importance of grooming and appearance (aesthetic values) should be underlined (appendix 1). For example: black shoes, long pants (no Jeans, hipsters or mid drifts), ironed black long sleeve shirt. Hair neatly tied back, minimum Jewelry. No oversized earnings. Subtle make up and clear nail polish. Importance of body language and being hospitable should be brought forward. The nature of hospitality industry is working with the public. High level of general and personal hygiene as well as safety is than essential. Hostess is then introduced to people she will work and interact with as well as to office workers (Function Managers, Wedding Coordinators). This aspect is in particular important since Hostess is usually the first person customer faces when coming to the restaurant. Hostess should know how to deal with people coming for a meeting with MM, trying to sell something, asking for a Job or inquiring about wedding or function. Various policies and procedures are discussed, including those related to start and finishing times, rosters, holiday requests, sickness, payroll, superannuation, staff meals, staff concessions and trial period (appendix 3). It is important to take that part of orientation seriously, but unfortunately many managers tend to delegate closest available employee to help with induction process. The opportunity of directly influence employee behavior is than lost. OCHS issues differ for specific Job areas. They are outlined to the new employee it detail on the second day of induction program. In a particular restaurant analyses in this paper Hostess can be exposed to number of hazards: UP radiation (Restaurant front-desk is situated outside) wet environments Animal and insect bites Lifting and shifting tables Assaults Outside gas heaters Uneven surface Hot, cold and Appropriate control measures are than introduced and discussed. Minimizing UP exposure Protective clothing Ann-insect sprays Proper posture when lifting Handling difficult guests and complains Following manufacturer/supplier procedures when using special equipment Avoid running and wearing high hills I newer are many advantages Tort provoking detective Neal Ana estate training. Companys image is enhanced; costs related to labor turnover, accidents and absenteeism are reduced; employee satisfaction is improved; and main goals and objectives of the company are meet more effectively and efficiently (Work Cover NEWS, 003). Importance of creating safety culture in the company is great. During remaining 28 days of induction program, main focus would be laid on close supervision. Managers will observe and assist the new employee in the process of learning the new Job. While performance of the new employee increases, time spent on watching and helping new employee should decrease (Woods, 2002). The best and effective way for a new hostess to learn her Job is to observe and work with more experience worker (Head Hostess). Some organizations call it buddy program and in this case such program would be appropriate. In practice managers tend to make the mistake of roistering new hostess alone for the lunch shifts Monday to Thursday because is not busy. Inexperienced hostess is than confronted with unfamiliar and new scenarios and quite often various mistakes occur, which could cost company lost business or bad image. After about a week of on the Job training, manager should have a meeting with the new employee and discus the progress to date and talk about expectations towards him in the future. Formal, first appraisal should take place at the end of the orientation program and could be marked as an end point of he process. Managers could than present the new hostess with a short test to determine level of orientation. Job related questions and case scenarios could be included in the test. For example, what do you do in a situation when: There is a booking for 15 people on a busy Saturday night for pm, at 7. 20 they are still not here. Peak hour at the restaurant, someone is enquiring about Job vacancies. Family birthday party, couple of kids are running around bare foot. Customer tells you about his food allergies while you sitting him. Queue at the door is getting big and you can not cope. Drunk and abusive arson approaches front desk. New employees who are adequately orientated should answer those questions correctly. At that time decision about the future of the new employee have to be made. Companies who have well-designed and developed induction programs are more likely to perform better in a competitive hospitality industry. Orientation programs are especially important to big organization as it is fairly easy for a new employee to disappear in the crowd. Some sophisticated new workers can trick the management by well performing only when they know that they are being watched. Induction orgasm help companies keep valuable workers and avoid getting stuck with someone they do not want, before is too late.

Roman Republics 3 Branches of Government

Roman Republic's 3 Branches of Government From the Founding of Rome in c. 753 B.C. to c. 509 B.C., it  was a monarchy, ruled by kings. In 509 (possibly), the Romans expelled their Etruscan kings and established the Roman Republic. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, the Romans opted for a mixed form of government, with 3 branches. Consuls - the Monarchical Branch Two magistrates called consuls carried on the functions of the former kings, holding supreme civil and military authority in Republican Rome. However, unlike the kings, the office of consul lasted for only one year. At the end of their year in office, the ex-consuls became senators for life, unless ousted by the censors. Powers of the Consuls: Consuls held imperium and had the right to 12 lictors each.Each consul could veto the other.They led the army,Served as judges, andRepresented Rome in foreign affairs.Consuls presided over the comitia centuriata. Consulship Safeguards The 1-year term, veto, and co-consulship were safeguards to prevent one of the consuls from wielding too much power. Emergency Contingency: In times of war a single dictator could be appointed for a 6-month term. Senate - the Aristocratic Branch Senate (senatus council of elders, related to the word senior) was the advisory branch of the Roman government, early on composed of about 300 citizens who served for life. They were chosen by the kings, at first, then by the consuls, and by the end of the 4th century, by the censors. The ranks of the Senate, drawn from ex-consuls and other officers. Property requirements changed with the era. At first, senators were only patricians but in time plebeians joined their ranks. Assembly - the Democratic Branch The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), which was composed of all members of the army, elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), composed of all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace. Dictators Sometimes dictators were at the head of the Roman Republic. Between 501-202 B.C. there were 85 such appointments. Normally, dictators served for 6 months and acted with the consent of the Senate. They were appointed by the consul or a military tribune with consular powers. The occasions of their appointment included war, sedition, pestilence, and sometimes for religious reasons. Dictator for Life Sulla was appointed dictator for an undefined period and was dictator until he stepped down, but Julius Caesar was officially appointed dictator in perpetuo meaning that there was no set end point to his dominance. References Religious Dictators of the Roman RepublicArthur KaplanThe Classical World, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Dec. 1973 - Jan. 1974), pp. 172-175Pennells History of Rome

Determining Late Work and Makeup Work Policies

Determining Late Work and Makeup Work Policies Late work is a teacher housekeeping task that often causes a classroom management nightmare for teachers. Late work can be especially difficult for new educators who do not have a set policy in place or even for a veteran teacher who has created a policy that just is not working. There are many reasons why makeup or late work should be allowed, but the best reason to consider is that any work that was deemed important enough by a teacher to be assigned, deserves to be completed. If homework or classwork is not important, or are assigned as busy work, students will notice, and they will not be motivated to complete the assignments. Any homework and/or classwork a teacher assigns and collects should support a students academic growth. There may be students returning from excused or unexcused absences who will need to complete makeup work. There also may be students who have not worked responsibly. There may be assignment completed on paper, and now there may be assignments submitted digitally. There are multiple software programs where students may submit homework or classwork. However, there may be students  who lack the  resources or support they need at home. Therefore, it is important that teachers create late work and make-up work policies for hard copies and for digital submissions that they can follow consistently and with a minimum of effort. Anything less will result in confusion and further problems. Questions to Consider When Creating a Late Work and Makeup Work Policy Research your schools current late work policies. Questions to ask:Does my school have a set policy for teachers concerning late work? For example, there might be a schoolwide policy that all teachers are to take off a letter grade for each day late.What is my schools policy concerning time for makeup work? Many school districts allow students two days to complete late work for each day they were out.What is my schools policy for making up work when a student has an excused absence? Does that policy differ for an unexcused absence? Some schools do not allow students to make up work after unexcused absences.Decide how you want to handle collecting on-time homework or classwork. Options to consider:Collecting homework (hard copies) at the door as they enter the class.Digital submissions to a classroom software platform or app (ex: Edmodo, Google Classroom). These will have a digital time stamp on each document.Ask students have to turn homework/classwork into a specific location (homew ork/classwork box) by the bell to be considered on time.Use a timestamp to put on homework /classwork to mark when it was submitted.   Determine if you will accept partially-completed homework or classwork. If so, then students can be considered on time even if they have not completed their work. If not, this needs to be clearly explained to students.Decide what type of penalty (if any) you will assign to late work. This is an important decision because it will impact how you control late work. Many teachers choose to lower a students grade by one letter for each day that it is late. If this is what you choose, then you will need to come up with a method for recording the dates past deadline for hard copies to help you remember as you grade later that day. Possible ways to mark late work:Have students write the date they turn in the homework on the top. This saves you time but could also lead to cheating.You write the date the homework was turned in on the top as it is turned in. This will only work if you have a mechanism for students to turn in work directly to you each day.If you wish to use a homework collection box, then you can mark the day each assignment was turned in on the paper when you grade each day. However, this requires daily maintenance on your part so that you dont get confused. Decide how will you assign makeup work to students who were absent. Possible ways to assign makeup work:Have an assignment book where you write down all classwork and homework along with a folder for copies of any worksheets/handouts. Students are responsible for checking the assignment book when they return and collecting the assignments. This requires you to be organized and to update the assignment book each day.Create a buddy system. Have students be responsible for writing down assignments to share with someone who was out of class. If you gave notes in class, either provide a copy for the students who missed or you can have them copy notes for a friend. Be aware that students have to on their own time copy notes and they might not get all the information depending on the quality of the notes copied.Only give makeup work before or after school. Students have to come to see you when you are not teaching so that they can get the work. This can be hard for some students who do not have the time to come before or after depending on bus/ride schedules.Have a separate makeup assignment that uses the same skills, but different questions or criteria. Prepare how will you have students makeup tests and/or quizzes that they missed when they were absent. Many teachers require students to meet with them either before or after school. However, if there is an issue or concern with that, you might be able to have them come to your room during your planning period or lunch to try and complete the work. For students who need to make up assessments, you may want to design an alternate assessment, with different questions.Anticipate that long-term assignments (ones where students have two or more weeks to work on) will take much more supervision. Break the project up into chunks, staggering the workload when possible. Breaking up one assignment into smaller deadlines will mean that you are not chasing a large  assignment with a high percentage grade that is late.Decide how you will address late projects or large percentage assignments. Will you allow late submissions?  Make sure that you address this issue at the beginning of the year, especially if you are going to have a research paper or other long-term assignment in your class. Most teachers make it a policy that if students are absent on the day a long-term assignment is due that it must be submitted the day that student returns to school. Without this policy, you might find students who are trying to gain extra days by being absent. If you do not have a consistent late work or makeup policy, your students will notice. Students who turn their work in on time will be upset, and those who are consistently late will take advantage of you. The key to an effective late work and makeup work policy is good recordkeeping and daily enforcement. Once you decide what you want for your late work and makeup policy, then stick to that policy. Share your policy with other teachers because there is strength in consistency. Only by your consistent actions will this become one less worry in your school day.

Greece's solution on its national debt crisis Essay

Greece's solution on its national debt crisis - Essay Example This European debt crisis witnessed in Greece is believed by various economists to have been caused by the structural flaws that came about after a period of great recession that the country had plunged into (Margaronis, 12). The economy of Greece has had deficits for quite a long time that has escalated its borrowing index to a figure the government cannot afford to pay. The 2009 Greece recession is arguably a major reason the country piled this huge European debt that is currently puzzling it (Spiegel). The government is expected to settle a debt of over seven hundred million Euros to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), something that is likely to hurt more the Greece economy. There have been several arguments and discussions from different perspectives with some admitting the situation that is witnessed in Greece currently could not have been avoided given they joined the Eurozone because of the change in currency as well as the policy and regulations that govern member economies (Nelson, Belkin and Derek). Others refute this and blame the economic policy makers for the woes the country is facing. All in all, the nation is in a crisis and a remedy is needed as fast as possible. Numerous actions are being taken to remedy the dire situation that is currently experienced in Greece and bring a solution that could free the nation from the hooks of European debt. First, the move made by Finland to bail out Greece should be lauded. As a matter of fact, Finland government was driven by good motives of saving this country from the global humiliation it is currently exposed to. The most challenging thing about this assistance Finland is offering is the rules that come with it. The IMF and other institutions have all reportedly attempted to find a solution to Greece but nothing much have been achieved. The Finland’s conflict of interest and the mistrust it has on Greece has

Collision Insurance Requirement and Traffic Safety Act in Gonzalez vs Essay

Collision Insurance Requirement and Traffic Safety Act in Gonzalez vs. Raich's case - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the individual mandate will be a crucial part of the CIRTSA’s plan to reduce car accident costs. If individuals do not have to purchase insurance, then the companies offering the service cannot ensure others who are affected by accidents. It is possible to argue that, under the Commerce Clause, Congress can regulate those activities that will significantly impact on interstate commerce by contending that the motor insurance market is a significant player in the national US economy. Therefore, uninsured drivers will use roads and fail to pay for the billions of dollars the sector is worth annually, shifting the costs to society and significantly impacting on interstate commerce. The US Supreme Court ruling in Gonzalez vs. Raich relied in part on Wickard v. Filburn, which can be, in this case, to hold that the refusal of many individuals to buy collision insurance would substantially impact on the market for collision insurance. This is because even i f, the activity of the individual may not be considered commerce, Congress could still treat it as such because it exerts substantial effects interstate commerce economically, especially if many people lose their livelihoods, such as with Robert Doe. A substantial number of Americans will require collision insurance at some point and, if they do not purchase insurance, they will be shifting their costs to other individuals. This law should be introduced as a regulation for how people pay for their likely collision insurance. Finally, if the Act is challenged in court, it can be argued that laws must be presumed constitutional if it is impossible to prove otherwise. Because Congress is entrusted by the Constitution with policy decisions, the courts should rarely interfere with its policies. The second argument could come in if the Commerce Clause is found insufficient to support CIRTSA’s individual mandate. In this case, the mandate should be upheld as being within the powers of Congress to lay taxes and collect them.

Euthanasia should be legalized by the AMA Essay

Euthanasia should be legalized by the AMA - Essay Example In some countries it is against the law to assist terminally ill patients to commit suicide. Euthanasia plainly means painless death but this has become a worldwide debate because doctors are helping people die rather than saving their lives, patients with chronic disorders are given pills and they die painlessly but is this justifiable? Doctors should not take lives; they are supposed to save lives. More will be presented in this paper about euthanasia. Final exit network is another NGO which helps terminally ill patients in assisted suicides. This NGO is known for accepting patients who are suffering from fatal diseases like cancer, heart failure, Parkinson’s disease and so on. Usually it is very difficult for such patients to be adopted by an NGO but Final exit is an exception and it accepts almost everyone. The near and dear ones of the terminally ill die each day, they suffer from physical and emotional trauma isn’t assisted suicide better than dying each day? It may not be the best option but when emotional pain and suffering supersedes everything, one is left with a handful of options. There are two ways in which euthanasia can be performed, the first one is when the doctor or the nurse gives a medicine which takes the life away of a terminally ill patient and the other is when the doctor or the nurse choose to ignore the patient and the patient dies upon not getting the proper medication. The zillion dollar question is who should decide when a terminally ill patient should be assisted with suicide or not? This is one question which is extremely difficult to answer, most times it is the relatives of the terminally ill patient who take a call and the doctors go ahead with it in some countries where assisted suicide is allowed. â€Å"Euthanasia groups  appeared  for the first time in England and America in the early 20 th  century. During the Second World War the Nazis in Germany had their own euthanasia

Macroeconomics. The oils price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomics. The oils price - Essay Example However, how the various economic indicators behave during this short period of 'supply shock' and how they forecast performance or health of the economy in the coming period is the moot question. Inflation may be defined as "state of economy, where there is a general and abnormal rise in price of all goods and services". Recession is a state of economy where there is a "slump in Gross Domestic Product in two or three successive quarters of a year with general price rise or fall". In the short run, when a price of a product which is consumed every sector of the economy which contribute to GDP have suddenly risen, other things remain the same, lead to rising prices all commodities and services, fall in real value of money and slow down of economic growth. This phenomenon is attributed to 'supply shock'. Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation. Cost Push inflation or Supply... Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation. SUPPLY SHOCK INFLATION OR COST PUSH INFLATION: Cost Push inflation or Supply Shock inflation is caused by the rise in price of an important commodity for which there was no alternative, and consequent of which there was a general rise in price of all commodities and services. While the examples for cost push inflation are many viz., failure of monsoon/draught in an agrobased economy which would shoot up inflation etc.,. the best example in the modern industrialised countries, is rise in prices of petroleum prodoucts. Dependence to petroleum products in any economy need not be emphasised and it may not be forgotten that the crisis faced by the world in the year 1970 is attributed to the rise in oil prices all over the world. Since, petroluem is important for moving the economy in all industrial including agricultural dependent countries, any upward movement in the price will cause a cascading movement in the price of all commodities and services and it will have persistant effect. However, there are different school of thought which opine, that the reduction in oil price after 1970 have not contributed in reduction in general price level, hence, rise in oil prices have not directly caused inflation in 1970. However, Keynesian economists argue that many prices are 'sticky

Project Analysis Part III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Analysis Part III - Essay Example Therefore, each company now desires to implement latest technology to interact with its customers to better improve their product quality and hence sales. In this era of extreme competition, everyone wants to get response in-time which is being achieved by implementing customer relationship management (CRM) softwares. These softwares are provided by salesforce.com or Microsoft dynamics CRM. Large enterprise systems have been using CRM from long before but now technology improved a lot and this system is applicable by almost all companies(Chen & Popovich, 2003). Now all enterprise levels can easily implement customer relationship softwares to directly communicate with their users and take feedback of their newly launched as well as upcoming products. 2.0 Cloud Computing With the advent of cloud computing technology, computation has become more convenient and usage of technology is cheaper. Cloud computing has allowed industries to expand their business based on hardware as well as sof tware, at even low costs than ever before. Now industrialists need not to pay expensive computer systems and networking complexities; rather they simply need to make their own network on cloud and pay little for that. Nowadays, cloud computing is extensively being used for implementing CRM in most of the companies. This results in low cost implementation of CRM yet effective. Cloud system is provided with state of the art user friendly setup with the ease of usage as well as provides extensive productive system. Although usage of cloud computing technology is getting fame day by day but still it is having some flaws. While making use of cloud technology for Warnaco group, one threat could be non-reliability of cloud data as this data can be accessed by anybody on the public network. This threat can be overcome by implementing private cloud rather than public(Rittinghouse & Ransome, 2010). Therefore, Warnaco could made use of private cloud technology where sensitive data as CRM, can be saved with greater security and control. 2.1 Cloud CRM and Warnaco CRM is specialized software that helps organization keeping record of all of its constituents. In case of Warnaco group, this software is to be implemented for keeping track of company’s user profile, their purchasing power, views and reviews of latest and upcoming products, letting employees keep record of latest suggestion and much more. Cloud CRM makes use of data centers that are owned or rented by the CRM providers over the internet and can be accessed on one’s desktop. 2.2 Compact System Cloud CRM, unlike traditional costly and complex CRM systems, are much convenient to be used. They need not to own multiple licenses and complex hardware installations including high costs. Also cloud CRM provides flexibility in the number of users who want to access the database; rather than specific number of users, followed by additional charges for increase in users as in traditional systems. Therefore, clo ud computing is good to be used for implementing CRM in Warnaco as this company is having ever-growing business with frequent variation in the number of users accessing database of the company. Also Warnaco is having branches all over the country; this helps employees to connect to database remotely from an office server. Also, cloud networks are hosted by their own vendors who keep track of bugs and updates and provide timely fixes for them. 2.3 Hardware Requirement for Cloud CRM Cloud CRM is actually hosted at remote locations therefore,

Procurement and supply chain management Essay Example for Free

Procurement and supply chain management Essay This Publication is concerned with the vital subject of business logistics and supply chain management, an area that can be essential to a firm’s competitive strategy and revenue generation. This management area has been described by many names, including physical distribution, materials management, transportation management, logistics, and supply chain management. Relevant business activities may include one or more of the following areas: transportation, inventory, order processing, purchasing, warehousing, materials handling, packaging, customer service standards, and production. The focus of this Publication is on the planning, organizing, and controlling of these activities key elements for successful management in any organization. Special emphasis is given to strategic planning and decision making as an important part of the management process. Managerial efforts are directed towards setting the level of the logistics activities so as to make products and services available to customers at the time and place required, and in the condition and form desired, in the most profitable and cost-effective way. Logistical activities have always been vital to organizations, and so business logistics and supply chain management represents a synthesis of many concepts, principles, and methods from the more traditional areas of marketing, production, accounting, purchasing, and transportation, as well as from the disciplines of applied mathematics, organizational behaviour, and economics. This Publication attempts to unify these elements to assist in the effective management of the supply chain. The Publication aims to present ideas, principles and techniques that are fundamental to good business logistics practice. It concentrates on important activities of management such as planning, organizing, and controlling, and also on a triangle of interrelated transportation, inventory, and location strategies, which are at the heart of good logistics planning and decision making. Contemporary trends that affect the scope and practice of business logistics and supply chain management have been integrated into the body of the text. Firstly, emphasis is placed on logistics and supply chain management in a worldwide setting to reflect the growing internationalization and globalization of business in general. Secondly, the shift towards service-oriented economies by industrialized nations is emphasized by showing how logistics concepts and principles are applicable to both service-producing tirms and product-producing ones. Thirdly, attention is given to the integrated management of supply chain activities. 1 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk The Publication contains many practical and contemporary examples that show the applicability of the textual material and assist in the understanding and learning of the key points and concepts. Each Chapter in this Cambridge International College Publication on Logistics, Chain Supply Transport Management includes: †¢ An introduction section †¢ Examples and/or figures and diagrams to explain the concepts being covered †¢ A summary of concluding comments †¢ Review Questions designed to reinforce learning and contemplation of what is covered in the Chapter Advice on How to Study this Program Every individual CIC Member approaches his/her study in a different manner, and different people may have a particular study method that they find most effective for them. However, the following is a tested and proven Study Method, suggested to you as a CIC Member in order to assist in making your study and learning easier and enjoyable and to assist you to quickly master the contents of this CIC Publication on Logistics, Chain Supply Transport Management: Step 1: Set yourself a flexible study schedule, depending on the time you have available and what is best for you. For example, the target set could be to study for 1 or 2 hours a night, or for 8 or 9 hours a week, or to complete one Chapter every 2 weeks. There is no set or compulsory schedule, but simply setting a schedule or goal is often an important action in ensuring that study is undertaken successfully and within the specified timeframe. Step 2: Read the whole of the first Chapter at your normal reading pace, without trying to memorise every topic covered or fact stated, but trying to get â€Å"the feel† of what is dealt with in the Chapter as a whole. Step 3: Start reading the Chapter again from the beginning, this time reading more slowly, paragraph by paragraph and section by section. Make brief notes of any points, sentences, paragraphs or sections which you feel need your further study, consideration or thought. You may wish to keep any notes in a separate file or notebook. Try to absorb and memorise all the important topics covered. Step 4: Start reading the Chapter again from its start, this time paying particular attention to and if necessary studying more thoroughly those parts on which you earlier wrote notes for further study. It is best that you do not pass on to other parts or topics until you are certain you fully understand and remember those parts you earlier noted as requiring your special attention. Try to fix everything taught firmly in your mind. 2 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Step 5: There are self-assessment review questions at the end of the Chapter, and you are strongly advised to try to answer or think about them as best you can but do not send your answers to the College. If these questions/exercises highlight any areas that you feel you need to revise or re-read in the Chapter, then go ahead and do that before moving on to Step 6. Step 6: Once you have completed steps 1 to 5 above, move on to the next Chapter and repeat steps 1 to 5 for each subsequent Chapter. 3 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk LOGISTICS, SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM MODULE ONE BUSINESS LOGISTICS/SUPPLY CHAIN A VITAL SUBJECT (based on Chapter 1 of ‘Logistics, Supply Chain and Transport Management’ by Ronald H Ballou) Contents Introduction Business Logistics Defined The Supply Chain The Activity Mix Importance of Logistics/Supply Chain (SC) Costs Are Significant Logistics Customer Service Expectations Are Increasing Supply and Distribution Lines Are Lengthening with Greater Complexity Logistics/SC Is Important to Strategy Logistics/SC Adds Significant Customer Value Customers Increasingly Want Quick, Customized Response Logistics/SC in Non-Manufacturing Areas Service Industry Military Environment Business Logistics/SC in the Firm Objectives of Business Logistics/SC Questions and Problems Introduction As far back as history records, the goods that people wanted were not always produced where they wanted to consume them, or these goods were not accessible when people wanted to consume them. Food and other commodities were widely dispersed and were only available in abundance at certain times of the year. Early peoples had the choice of consuming goods at their immediate location or moving the goods to a preferred site and storing them for later use. However, because no well developed transportation and storage systems yet existed, the movement of goods was limited to what an individual could personally move, and storage of perishable commodities was possible for only a short time. This limited movement-storage system generally constrained people to live close to the sources of production and to consume a rather narrow range of goods. Even today, in some areas of the world consumption and production take place only within a very limited geographic region. Striking examples can still be observed in the developing nations of Asia, South America, Australia, and Africa, where some of the population live in small, self-sufficient villages, and most of the goods needed by the residents are produced or acquired in the immediate vicinity. Few goods are imported from other areas. Therefore, production efficiency and the economic standard of living are generally low. In this type of economy, a well-developed and inexpensive logistics system would encourage an exchange of goods with other producing areas of the country, or even the world. 4 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk As logistics systems improved, consumption and production began to separate geographically. Regions would specialize in those commodities that could be produced most efficiently. Excess production could be shipped economically to other producing (or consuming) areas, and needed goods not produced locally were imported. This exchange process follows the principle of comparative advantage. This same principle, when applied to world markets, helps to explain the high level of international trade that takes place today. Efficient logistics systems allow world businesses to take advantage of the fact that lands, and the people who occupy them, are not equally productive. Logistics is the very essence of trade. It contributes to a higher economic standard of living for us all. To the individual firm operating in a high-level economy, good management of logistics activities is vital. Markets are often national or international in scope, whereas production may be concentrated at relatively few points. Logistics activities provide the bridge between production and market locations that are separated by time and distance. Effective management of these activities is the major concern of this Program. Business Logistic Defined Business logistics is a relatively new field of integrated management study in comparison with the traditional fields of finance, marketing, and production. As previously noted, logistics activities have been carried out by individuals for many years. Businesses also have continually engaged in movestore (transportation-inventory) activities. The newness of the field results from the concept of coordinated management of the related activities, rather than the historical practice of managing them separately, and the concept that logistics adds value to products or services that are essential to customer satisfaction and sales. Although co-ordinated logistics management has not been generally practiced until recently, the idea of co-ordinated management can be traced back to at least 1844. In the writings of Jules Dupuit, a French engineer, the idea of trading one cost for another (transportation costs for inventory costs) was evident in the selection between road and water transport: â€Å"The fact is that carriage by road being quicker, more reliable and less subject to loss or damage, it possesses advantage to which businessmen often attach a considerable value. However, it may well be that a saving induces the merchant to use a canal; he can buy warehouses and increase his floating capital in order to have a sufficient supply of goods on hand to protect himself against slowness and irregularity of the canal, and if all told the saving in transport gives him a cost advantage, he will decide in favour of the new route. † The first textbook to suggest the benefits of co-ordinated logistics management appeared around 1961, in part explaining why a generally accepted definition of business logistics is still emerging. Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore several definitions for the scope and content of the subject. A dictionary definition of the term logistics is: â€Å"The branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining, and transporting material, personnel, and facilities. † This definition puts logistics into a military context. To the extent that business objectives and activities differ from those of the military, this definition does not capture the essence of business logistics management. A better representation of the field may be reflected in the definition promulgated by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM), a professional organization of logistics 5 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk managers, educators, and practitioners formed in 1962 for the purposes of continuing education and fostering the interchange of ideas. Its definition: â€Å"Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements. † This is an excellent definition, conveying the idea that product flows are to be managed from the point where they exist as raw materials to the point where they are finally discarded. Logistics is also concerned with the flow of services as well as physical goods, an area of growing opportunity for improvement. It also suggests that logistics is a process, meaning that it includes all the activities that have an impact on making goods and services available to customers when and where they wish to acquire them. However, the definition implies that logistics is part of the supply chain process, not the entire process. So, what is the supply chain process or, more popularly, supply chain management? Supply chain management (SCM) is a term that has emerged in recent years that captures the essence of integrated logistics and even goes beyond it. Supply chain management emphasizes the logistics interactions that take place among the functions of marketing, logistics, and production within a firm and those interactions that take place between the legally separate firms within the product-flow channel. Opportunities for cost or customer service improvement are achieved through co-ordination and collaboration among the channel members where some essential supply chain activities may not be under the direct control of the logistician. Although early definitions such as physical distribution, materials management, industrial logistics and channel management all terms used to describe logistics have promoted this broad scope for logistics, there was little attempt to implement logistics beyond a company’s own enterprise boundaries, or even beyond its own internal logistics function. Now, retail firms are showing success in sharing information with suppliers, who in turn agree to maintain and manage inventories on retailers’ shelves. Channel inventories and product stockouts are lower. Manufacturing firms operating under just-in-time production scheduling build relationships with suppliers for the benefit of both companies by reducing inventories. Definitions of the supply chain and supply chain management reflecting this broader scope are: â€Å"The supply chain (SC) encompasses all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw materials stage (extraction), through to the end user, as well as the associated information flows. Materials and information flow both up and down the supply chain. † â€Å"Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of these activities, through improved supply chain relationships, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. † After careful study of the various definitions being offered, Mentzer and other writers propose the broad and rather general definition as follows: â€Å"Supply chain management is defined as the systematic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. † 6 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] The supply chain management model in Figure 1-1 viewed as a pipeline shows the scope of this definition. It is important to note that supply chain management is about the co-ordination of product flows across functions and across companies to achieve competitive advantage and profitability for the individual companies in the supply chain and the supply chain members collectively. It is difficult, in a practical way, to separate business logistics management from supply chain management. In so many respects, they promote the same mission: â€Å"To get the right goods or services to the right place, at the right time, and in the desired condition, while making the greatest contribution to the firm. † Some claim that supply chain management is just another name for integrated business logistics management (IBLM) and that the broad scope of supply chain management has been promoted over the years. Conversely, others say that logistics is a subset of SCM, where SCM considers additional issues beyond those of product flow. For example, SCM may be concerned with product pricing and manufacturing quality. Although SCM promotes viewing the supply channel with the broadest scope, the reality is that firms do not practise this ideal. Fawcett and Magan found that companies that do practise supply chain integration limit their scope to one tier upstream and one tier downstream. The focus seems to be concerned with creating seamless processes within their own companies and applying new information technologies to improve the quality of information and speed of its exchange among channel members. The boundary between the logistics and supply chain management terms is fuzzy. Even then, logistics activities are repeated once again as used products are recycled upstream in the logistics channel. A single firm generally is not able to control its entire product flow channel from raw material source to points of the final consumption, although this is an emerging opportunity. For practical purposes, the business logistics for the individual firm has a narrower scope. Usually, the maximum managerial control that can be expected is over the immediate physical supply and physical distribution channels, as shown in Figure 1-2. The physical supply channel refers to the time and space gap between a firm’s immediate material sources and its processing points. Similarly, the physical distribution channel refers to the time and space gap between the firm’s processing points and its customers. Due to the similarities in the activities between the two channels, physical supply (more commonly referred to as materials management) 8 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk and physical distribution comprise those activities that are integrated into business logistics. Business logistics management is now popularly referred to as supply chain management. Others have used terms such as value nets, value stream, and lean logistics to describe a similar scope and purpose. The evolution of the management of product flows toward SCM is captured in Figure 1-3. Although it is easy to think of logistics as managing the flow of products from the points of raw material acquisition to end customers, for many firms there is a reverse logistics channel that must be managed as well. The life of a product, from a logistics viewpoint, does not end with delivery to the customer. Products become obsolete, damaged, or nonfunctioning and are returned to their source points for repair or disposition. Packaging materials may be returned to the shipper due to environmental regulations or because it makes good economic sense to reuse them. The reverse logistics channel may utilize all or a portion of the forward logistics channel or it may require a separate design. The supply chain terminates with the final disposition of a product. The reverse channel must be considered to be within the scope of logistics planning and control. The Activity Mix The activities to be managed that make up business logistics (supply chain process) vary from firm to firm, depending on a firm’s particular organizational structure, management’s honest differences of opinion about what constitutes the supply chain for its business, and the importance of individual activities to its operations. Follow along the supply chain as shown in Figure 1-2 and note the important activities that take place. Again, according to the CLM: 9 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk â€Å"The components of a typical logistics system are: customer service, demand forecasting, distribution communications, inventory control, material handling, order processing, parts and service support, plant and warehouse site selection (location analysis), purchasing, packaging, return goods handling, salvage and scrap disposal, traffic and transportation, and warehousing and storage. † Figure 1-4 organizes these components, or activities, according to where they are most likely to take place in the supply channel. The list is further divided into key and support activities, along with some of the decisions associated with each activity. Customer service standards co-operate with marketing to: a. Determine customer needs and wants for logistics customer service b. Determine customer response to service c. Set customer service levels 2. Transportation a. Mode and transport service selection b. Freight consolidation c. Carrier routing d. Vehicle scheduling e. Equipment selection f. Claims processing g. Rate auditing 3. Inventory management a. Raw materials and finished goods stocking policies b. Short-term sales forecasting c. Product mix at stocking points 10 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk d. Number, size, and location of stocking points e. Just-in-time, push, and pull strategies 4. Information flows and order processing a. Sales order-inventory interface procedures b. Order information transmittal methods c. Ordering rules Support Activities 1. Warehousing a. Space determination b. Stock layout and dock design c. Warehouse configuration d. Stock placement 2. Materials handling a. Equipment selection b. Equipment replacement policies c. Order-picking procedures d. Stock storage and retrieval 3. Purchasing a. Supply source selection b. Purchase timing c. Purchase quantities 4. Protective packaging designed for: a. Handling b. Storage c. Protection from loss and damage 5. Co-operate with production/operations to: a. Specify aggregate quantities b. Sequence and time production output c. Schedule supplies for production/operations 6. Information maintenance a. Information collection, storage, and manipulation b. Data analysis Control procedures Key and support activities are separated because certain activities will generally take place in every logistics channel, whereas others will take place, depending on the circumstances, within a particular firm. The key activities are on the â€Å"critical† loop within a firm’s immediate physical distribution channel, as shown in Figure 1 to 5. They contribute most to the total cost of logistics or they are essential to the effective co-ordination and completion of the logistics task. 11 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Customer service standards set the level of output and degree of readiness to which the logistics system must respond. Logistics costs increase in proportion to the level of customer service provided, such that setting the standards for service also affects the logistics costs to support that level of service. Setting very high service requirements can force logistics costs to exceedingly high levels. Transportation and inventories maintenance are the primary cost-absorbing logistics activities. Experience has shown that each will represent one-half to two-thirds of total logistics costs. Transportation adds place value to products and services, whereas inventories maintenance adds time value. Transportation is essential because no modern firm can operate without providing for the movement of its raw materials or its finished products. This importance is underscored by the financial strains placed on many firms by such disasters as a national railroad strike or independent truckers’ refusal to move goods because of rate disputes. In these circumstances, markets cannot be served, and products back up in the logistics pipeline to deteriorate or become obsolete. Inventories are also essential to logistics management because it is usually not possible or practical to provide instant production or ensure delivery times to customers. They serve as buffers between supply and demand so that needed product availability may be maintained for customers while providing flexibility for production and logistics in seeking efficient methods for manufacture and distribution of the product. Order processing is the final key activity. Its costs usually are minor compared to transportation or inventory maintenance costs. Nevertheless, order processing is an important element in the total time that it takes for a customer to receive goods or services. It is the activity triggering product movement and service delivery. Although support activities may be as critical as the key activities in any particular circumstance, they are considered here as contributing to the logistics mission. In addition, one or more of the support activities may not be a part of the logistics activity mix for every firm. For example, products such as finished automobiles or commodities such as coal, iron ore, or gravel not needing the weather and security protection of warehousing will not require the warehousing activity, even though inventories are maintained. However, warehousing and materials handling are typically conducted wherever products are temporarily halted in their movement to the marketplace. 12 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Protective packaging is a support activity of transportation and inventory maintenance as well as of warehousing and materials handling because it contributes to the efficiency with which these other activities are carried out. Purchasing and product scheduling often may be considered more a concern of production than of logistics. However, they also affect the overall logistics effort, and specifically they affect the efficiency of transportation and inventory management. Finally, information maintenance supports all other logistics activities in that it provides the needed information for planning and control. The extended supply chain refers to those members of the supply channel beyond the firm’s immediate suppliers or customers. They may be suppliers to the immediate suppliers or customers of the immediate customers and so on until raw material source points or end customers are reached. It is important to plan and control the previously noted activities and information flows if they affect the logistics customer service that can be provided and the costs of supplying this service. Management of the extended supply chain has the potential of improving logistics performance beyond that of just managing the activities within the immediate supply chain. Importance of Logistics/Supply Chain Logistics is about creating value value for customers and suppliers of the firm, and value for the firm’s stakeholders. Value in logistics is primarily expressed in terms of time and place. Products and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customers when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them. For example, concessions at a sports event have no value to consumers if they are not available at the time and place that the event is occurring, or if inadequate inventories don’t meet the demands of the sports fans. Good logistics management views each activity in the supply chain as contributing to the process of adding value. If little value can be added, it is questionable whether the activity should exist. However, value is added when customers are willing to pay more for a product or service than the cost to place it in their hands. To many firms throughout the world, logistics has become an increasingly important value-adding process for a number of reasons. Costs Are Significant Over the years, several studies have been conducted to determine the costs of logistics for the whole economy and for the individual firm. There are widely varying estimates of the cost levels. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), logistics costs average about 12 percent of the 13 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk world’s gross domestic product. Robert Delaney, who has tracked logistics costs for more than two decades, estimates that logistics costs for the U. S. economy are 9. 9 percent of the U. S. gross domestic product (GDP), or $921 billion. For the firm, logistics costs have ranged from 4 percent to over 30 percent of sales. The results from a cost survey of individual firms are shown in Table 1-3. Although the results show physical distribution costs at about 8 percent of sales, this survey does not include physical supply costs. Probably another one-third may be added to this total to represent average logistics costs for the firm at about 11 percent of sales. Over the last decade, physical distribution costs have ranged between 7 percent and 9 percent of sales. There may be a trend of increasing costs for individual firms, although Wilson and Delaney show over the same period that logistics costs as a percent of U. S. GDP have declined by about 10 percent. Logistics costs, substantial for most firms, rank second only to the cost of goods sold (purchase costs) that are about 50 percent to 60 percent of sales for the average manufacturing firm. Value is added by minimizing these costs and by passing the benefits on to customers and to the firm’s shareholders. Logistics Customer Service Expectations Are Increasing The Internet, just-in-time operating procedures, and continuous replenishment of inventories have all contributed to customers expecting rapid processing of their requests, quick delivery, and a high degree of product availability. According to the Davis Survey of hundreds of companies over the last decade, world-class competitors have average order cycle times (the time between when an order is placed and when it is received) of seven to eight days and line item fill rates of 90 percent to 94 percent. LogFac summarizes world-class logistics performance for domestic companies as: Error rates of less than one per 1,000 orders shipped Logistics costs of well under 5 percent of sales Finished goods inventory turnover of 20 or more times per year Total order cycle time of five working days Transportation cost of one percent of sales revenue or less, if products sold are over $5 per 500 gms As might be expected, the average company performs below these cost and customer service benchmarks, when compared with the statistics in Tables 1-3 and 1-4. Supply and Distribution Lines Are Lengthening with Greater Complexity The trend is toward an integrated world economy. Firms are seeking, or have developed, global strategies by designing their products for a world market and producing them wherever the low-cost 14 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk raw materials, components, and labor can be found (e. g. , Ford’s Focus automobile), or they simply produce locally and sell internationally. In either case, supply and distribution lines are stretched, as compared with the producer who wishes to manufacture and sell only locally. Not only has the trend occurred naturally by firms seeking to cut costs or expand markets, but it is also being encouraged by political arrangements that promote trade. Examples of the latter are the European Union, the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and the economic trade agreement among several countries of South America (MERCOSUR). Globalization and internationalization of industries everywhere will depend heavily on logistics performance and costs, as companies take more of a world view of their operations. As this happens, logistics takes on increased importance within the firm since its costs, especially transportation, become a larger part of the total cost structure. For example, if a firm seeks foreign suppliers for the raw materials that make up its final product or foreign locations to build its product, the motivation is to increase profit. Material and labor costs may be reduced, but logistics costs are likely to increase due to increased transportation and inventory costs. The â€Å"tradeoff†, as shown in Figure 1-6, may lead to higher profit by reducing materials, labour, and overhead costs at the expense of logistics costs and tariffs. â€Å"Outsourcing† adds value, but it requires careful management of logistics costs and product-flow times in the supply channel. Logistics/SC Is Important To Strategy Firms spend a great deal of time finding ways to differentiate their product offerings from those of their competitors. When management recognizes that logistics/SC affects a significant portion of a firm’s costs and that the result of decisions made about the supply chain processes yields different levels of customer service, it is in a position to use this effectively to penetrate new markets, to increase market share, and to increase profits. When a firm incurs the cost of moving the product toward the customer or making an inventory available in a timely manner, for the customer â€Å"value† has been created that was not there previously. It is value as surely as that created through the production of a quality product or through a low price. It is generally recognized that business creates four types of value in products or services. These are: form, time, place, and possession. Logistics creates two out of these four values. Manufacturing creates form value as inputs are converted to outputs, that is raw materials are transformed into finished goods. Logistics controls the time and place values in products, mainly through transportation, information flows, and inventories. Possession value is often considered the responsibility of marketing, engineering, and finance, where the value is created by helping customers acquire the product through such mechanisms as advertising (information), technical support, and terms of sale (pricing and credit availability). To the extent that SCM includes production, three out of the four values may be the responsibility of the logistics/supply chain manager. Customers Increasingly Want Quick, Customized Response Fast food retailers, automatic teller machines, overnight package delivery, and electronic mail on the Internet have led us as consumers to expect that products and services can be made available in increasingly shorter times. In addition, improved information systems and flexible manufacturing processes have led the marketplace toward mass customization. Rather than consumers having to accept the â€Å"one size fits all† philosophy in their purchases, suppliers are increasingly offering products that meet individual customer needs. Companies too have been applying the concept of quick response to their internal operations in order to meet the service requirements of their own marketing efforts. The quick response philosophy has been used to create a marketing advantage. Saks Fifth Avenue applied it, even though big profits are made through big margins and not on cost reductions that might be achieved from good logistics management. Supply chain costs may even rise, although the advantage is to more than cover these costs through increased profits. Logistics/SC in Non-manufacturing Areas It is perhaps easiest to think of logistics/SC in terms of moving and storing a physical product in a manufacturing setting. This is too narrow a view and can lead to many missed business opportunities. The logistics/SC principles and concepts learned over the years can be applied to such areas as service industries, the military, and even environment management. Service Industry The service sector of industrialized countries is large and growing. In the United States, over 70 percent of all jobs are in what the federal government classifies as the service sector. The size of this sector alone forces us to ask if logistics concepts are not equally applicable here as they are to the manufacturing sector. If they are, there is a tremendous untapped opportunity yet to be fulfilled. Many companies designated as service firms in fact produce a product. Examples include: McDonald’s Corporation (fast foods); Dow Jones Co. , Inc. (newspaper publishing); and Sears, Roebuck and Co. (merchandise retailing). These companies carry out all the typical supply chain activities of any manufacturing firm. However, for service companies such as Bank One (retail banking), Marriott Corporation (lodging) and Consolidated Edison (electric power), supply chain activities, 16 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: Britain. International Headquarters: College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax: +44 (0)1534 485485 Email: [emailprotected] com Website: www. cambridgecollege. co. uk especially those associated with physical distribution, are not as obvious. Even though many service-oriented companies may be distributing an intangible, nonphysical product, they do engage in many physical distribution activities and decisions. A hospital may want to extend emergency medical care throughout the community and must make decisions as to the locations of the centers. United Parcel Service and Federal Express must locate terminals and route pickup and delivery trucks. The East Ohio Gas Company inventories natural gas in underground wells during the off-season in the region where demand will occur. Bank One must locate and have cash inventory on hand for its ATMs. The Federal Reserve Bank must select the methods of transportation to move cancelled cheques among member banks. The Catholic Church must decide the number, location, and size of the churches needed to meet shifts in size and location of congregations, as well as to plan the inventory of its pastoral staff. Xerox’s repair service for copying equipment is also a good example of the logistics decisions encountered in a service operation. The techniques, concepts, and methods discussed throughout this Program should be as applicable to the service sector as they are to the manufacturing sector. The key, according to Theodore Levitt, may be in transforming an intangible service into a tangible product. Problems will remain in carefully identifying the costs associated with the distribution of an intangible product. Perhaps because of this, few service firms or organizations have a physical distribution manager on their staff, although they frequently do have a materials manager to handle supply matters. However, managing logistics in service industries does represent a new direction for the future development of logistics practice. Military Before businesses showed much interest in co-ordinating supply chain processes, the military was well organized to carry out logistics activities. More than a decade before business logistics’ developmental period, the military carried out what was called the most complex, best-planned logistics operation of that time-the invasion of Europe during World War II. Although the problems of the military, with its extremely high customer service requirements, were not identical with those of business, the similarities were great enough to provide a valuable experience base during the developmental years of logistics. For example, the military alone maintained inventories valued at about one-third of those held by all U. s. manufacturers. In addition to the management experience that such large-scale operations provide, the military sponsored, and continues to sponsor, research in the logistics area through such organizations as the RAND Corporation and the Office of Naval Research. With this background, the field of business logistics began to grow. Even the term logistics seems to have had its origins in the military. A recent example of military logistics on a large scale was the conflict between the United States and Iraq over Iraq’s invasion of the small country of Kuwait. This invasion has been described as the largest military logistics operation in history. The logistics support in that war is yet another illustration of what worldclass companies have always known: Good logistics can be a source of competitive advantage. Lt General William Pagonis, in charge of logistics support for Desert Storm, observed: â€Å"When the Middle East started heating up, it seemed like a good time to pull out some history books on desert warfare in this region . But there was nothing on logistics. Logistics is not a best seller. In a couple of his diaries, Rommel talked about logistics. He thought the Germans lost the battle not because they didn’t have great soldiers or equipment in fact, the German tanks outfought ours almost throughout World War II but because the British had better logistics. † 17 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website: The first wave of 200,000 troops and their equipment was deployed in a month and a half, whereas troop deployment took nine months in the Vietnam conflict. In addition, the application of many good logistics concepts was evident. Take customer service, for example: â€Å"We believed that if we took care of our troops, the objectives would be accomplished no matter whatever else happened. The soldiers are our customers. It is no different than a determined, single focus on customers that many successful businesses have. Now, you take care of your soldiers not only by providing them cold sodas, and burgers, and good food: you make sure they have the ammunition on the front line, so that when they go fight the war they know they have what they need. † This meant that when 120 mm guns rather than 105 mm guns were desired on tanks, they were changed. When brown vehicles were preferred over the traditional camouflage green, they were repainted at the rate of 7,000 per month. Environment Population growth and resultant economic development have heightened our awareness of environmental issues. Whether it is recycling, packaging materials, transporting hazardous materials or refurbishing products for resale, logisticians are involved in a major way. After all, the United States alone produces more than 160 million tons of waste each year, enough for a convoy of 10-ton garbage trucks reaching halfway to the moon. In many cases, planning for logistics in an environmental setting is no different from that in manufacturing or service sectors. However, in a few cases additional complications arise, such as governmental regulations that make the logistics for a product more costly by extending the distribution channel. Business Logistics in the Firm It has been the tradition in many firms to organize around marketing and production functions. Typically, marketing means selling something and production means making something. Although few business people would agree that their organization is so simple, the fact remains that many businesses emphasize these functions while treating other activities, such as traffic, purchasing, accounting, and engineering, as support areas. Such an attitude is justified to a degree, because if a firm’s products cannot be produced and sold, little else matters. However, such a pattern is dangerously simple for many firms to follow in that it fails to recognize the importance of the activities that must take place between points and times of production or purchase and the points and times of demand. These are the logistics activities, and they affect the efficiency and effectiveness of both marketing and production. Scholars and practitioners of both marketing and production have not neglected the importance of logistics. In fact, each area considers logistics within its scope of action. For example, the following definition of marketing management includes physical distribution: â€Å"Marketing (management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges with target groups that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. † Marketing’s concern is to place its products or services in convenient distribution channels to facilitate the exchange process. The concept of production/ operations management often includes logistics activities. Now, viewing product flow activities as a process to be coordinated, product flow aspects within marketing, production, and logistics are collectively managed to achieve customer service objectives. The difference in operating objectives (maximize revenue versus minimize cost) for marketing and production/operations may lead to a fragmentation of interest in, and responsibility for, logistics activities, as well as a lack of co-ordination among logistics activities as a whole. This, in turn, may lead to lower customer service levels or higher total logistics costs than are necessary. Business logistics represents a regrouping, either by formal organizational structure or conceptually in the minds of management, of the move-store activities that historically may have been partially under the control of marketing and production/ operations. If logistics activities are looked upon as a separate area of managerial action, the relationship of logistics activities to those of marketing and production/ operations would be as is shown in Figure 1-7. Marketing would be primarily responsible for market research, promotion, sales-force management, and the product mix, which create possession value in the product. Production/ operations would be concerned with the creation of the product or service, which creates form value in the product. Key responsibilities would be quality control, production planning and scheduling, job design, capacity planning, maintenance, and work measurement and standards. Logistics would be concerned with those activities (previously defined) that give a product or service time and place value. This separation of the activities of the firm into three groupings rather than two is not always necessary or advisable to achieve the coordination of logistics activities that is sought. Marketing and production/operations, when broadly conceived and co-ordinated, can do an effective job of managing logistics activities without creating an additional organizational entity. Even if a separate functional area is created for logistics within the firm so as to achieve effective control of the firm’s immediate logistics activities, logisticians will need to view their responsibility as one of coordinating the entire supply chain process rather than being just a local logistics activity administrator. To do otherwise may miss substantial opportunities for cost reduction and logistics customer service improvement. The interface is created by the arbitrary separation of a firm’s activities into a limited number of functional areas. Managing the interface activities by one function alone can lead to sub-optimal performance for the firm by subordinating broader company goals to individual functional goals-a potential danger resulting from the departmental form of organizational structure so common in companies today. To achieve interfunctional coordination, some measurement system and incentives for cooperation among the functions involved need to be established. This is equally true of the inter-organizational co-ordination required to manage product flows across company boundaries. It is important to note, however, that establishing a third functional group is not without its disadvantages. Two functional interfaces now exist where only one between marketing and production/ operations previously existed. Some of the most difficult administrative problems arise from the interfunctional conflicts that occur when one is attempting to manage interface activities. Some of this potential conflict may be dissipated if a new organizational arrangement is created whereby production/ operations and logistics are merged into one group called supply chain. Just as managers are beginning to understand the benefits of interfunctional logistics management, inter-organizational management is being encouraged. Supply chain management proponents who view the area more broadly than some logisticians have been strongly promoting the need for collaboration among supply channel members that are outside the immediate control of a company’s  logistician, that is, members who are legally separate companies. Collaboration among the channel members that are linked through buyer-seller relationships is essential to achieving cost-service benefits unable to be realized by managers with strictly an internal view of their responsibilities. Supply chain managers consider themselves to have responsibility for the entire supply channel of the scope as illustrated in Figure 1-8. Managing in this broader environment is the new challenge for the contemporary logistician. Objectives of Business Logistics/SC Within the broader objectives of the firm, the business logistician seeks to achieve supply channel process goals that will move the firm toward its overall objectives. Specifically, the desire is to develop a logistics activity mix that will result in the highest possible return on investment over time. There are two dimensions to this goal: (1) the impact of the logistics system design on the revenue contribution, and (2) the operating cost and capital requirements of the design. Ideally, the logistician should know how much additional revenue would be generated through incremental improvements.